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大众和福特下周将宣布更深入的联盟：削减开发成本_我的网站

A |     On August 10, 1961, American forces for the first time spayed Agent Orange in Vietnam as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand.,Here’s a closer look into this highly toxic defoliant chemical, the use of which by the US military during the 1955-1975 Vietnam War resulted in up to one million people being disabled, according to the Red Cross of Vietnam’s estimates.,What is Agent Orange?,The defoliant derived its name from the color of the orange-striped US gallon barrels in which the chemical was shipped and stored.,It was created in 1940 and used in the United States as an agricultural defoliant, as it had the ability to kill some plants while leaving others unaffected.,Using the Defense Production Act of 1950, the US government prodded several American companies to make Agent Orange for military use. A 50:50 mixture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, the defoliant contains an extremely toxic dioxin compound.,Effects of Agent Orange,A 50:50 mixture of the 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Agent Orange contains the Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, the most toxic of the dioxins, classified as a human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.,Even short-term exposure to TCDD can cause cancer, liver problems and a severe acne-like skin disease, known as chloracne. The dioxin is also linked to type 2 diabetes, immune system dysfunction, nerve disorders, muscular dysfunction, hormone disruption and heart disease.,Additionally, the chemical can cause miscarriages, spina bifida and other problems with fetal brain and nervous system development.,Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam,During the 1955-1975 Vietnam war, the first US defoliation missions were launched near the Vietnamese village of Dak To in 1961.,The goal was to remove cover and concealment used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, so as to reveal hidden bases, communications centers and potential targets, and to improve visibility in tracking troop movements.,More than 13 million gallons (about 59 million liters) of Agent Orange was used by the US military in Vietnam, or almost two-thirds of the total amount of herbicides used during the entire Vietnam War.,The chemical was available in slightly different mixtures, sometimes referred to as Agent Orange I, Agent Orange II, Agent Orange III and “Super Orange”.,End of Agent Orange?,In 1969, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) urged the Pentagon to end its use of herbicides containing dioxin, specifically Agent Orange, something that the Department of Defense (DoD) eventually did.,Even so, the defoliation campaign continued, with the US military switching to Agent White, a chemical herbicide that did not contain the dioxin contaminant.,In May 1970, the US Air Force (USAF) flew its last defoliation mission, and almost a year later, the DoD announced that all crop destruction missions would also cease.,The remaining 2.22 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved by the USAF to Johnston Island Atoll in the South Pacific, where they were incinerated.,Legacy,The Vietnamese government said that up to four million people in the country were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as three million people had suffered illness because of the defoliant.,The Vietnam Red Cross in turn pointed out that the defoliant had affected at least 150,000 children, and that babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects due to Agent Orange. In this regard, numerous studies revealed that dioxin levels are still in place in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam.,The chemical also caused immense environmental damage in Vietnam, with more than 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km2) of forest being defoliated ( for comparison's sake, Taiwan measures 36,197 km2).,Opinion & AnalysisAnniversary of Agent Orange Disaster: Only United Can We Relieve the Suffering of Many Generations10:21 GMT,Agent Orange-related issues also emerged in the US after an increasing number of returning Vietnam veterans and their families began to report a range of health problems, including skin irritations, miscarriages, psychological symptoms, type 2 diabetes, birth defects in children and cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, prostate cancer and leukemia.,1979 saw a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of 2.4 million US veterans, who were exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam. In 1984, seven major US chemical companies that manufactured the defoliant agreed to pay $180 million in damages to the veterans or their next of kin.,Vietnam War,The 1955-1975 Vietnam War, which involved Laos and Cambodia, pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong revolutionary organization against South Vietnam, supported by Washington.,Preconditions for the war pertained to the desire of North Vietnam, which defeated the French colonial administration in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist authority, like in the Soviet Union or China. The South Vietnamese government, for its part, sought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West.,The US was concerned over the spread of communism to South Vietnam and then to the rest of Asia, which prompted Washington to end money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese government.,On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin near Vietnam, in what was used by the White House as a pretext to escalate the war and send American combat units to the South East Asian country. However, the US costs and casualties in the war prompted Washington to withdraw American troops by 1973, and a couple of years later, South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North.,An array of war crimes was committed by the US military during the war, including the My Lai massacre, in which up to 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and infants, were killed by US Army soldiers on March 16, 1968.,Another war crime pertains to Operation Speedy Express, conducted by the US Army in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta between December 1968 and May 1969 as part of the American military’s effort to pacify the Viet Cong. The operation led to 5,000 to 7,000 casualties who were reported to have been civilians.。1月10日，路透社报道称，大众和福特将于下周宣布一个更深入的联盟，该联盟将超越商用车，为汽车制造商开发新技术节省数十亿美元。

B | 福特和大众一直在寻求更密切的合作，因为汽车制造商被迫重新考虑他们的汽车在欧洲、美国和中国的位置，许多软件技术公司正准备推出他们自己的自动驾驶汽车。

C | ”一位知情人士说：“（两家公司）预计将宣布全球联盟。

D | ”他补充说，该协议将于下周二在底特律车展上宣布。

E | 这两家公司此前曾表示，任何联盟都不会涉及合并或股权。这一不断扩大的联盟突显出全球所有汽车制造商面临的压力越来越大，这些制造商要求他们管理开发电动汽车和自动驾驶汽车的成本，以及满足未来几年销售的数百万台内燃机更严格排放标准所需的技术。中国和美国这两个全球最大的汽车市场增长放缓，加大了削减成本的压力。据知情人士透露，该联盟的范围仍在电动汽车和自动驾驶仪领域的合作谈判过程中。”谈判进展顺利，”一位知情人士说。该人士补充说，该联盟框架将包括整合自动驾驶技术和大众的资源，以投资福特的汽车业务，以及福特授权的大众的MEB电动汽车平台。知情人士说，当两家公司下周宣布成立商用车联盟时，他们还将表示，他们即将达成一项涉及自动驾驶和电动汽车的交易。大众汽车的高管们表示，他们希望能在福特的工厂里找到福特的商用货车和游骑兵中型皮卡，并生产汽车。福特周三重申，它一直在与公众讨论在许多领域进行合作的可能性。”福特在一份声明中说：“现在披露更多细节还为时过早。

F | ”我们期待尽快分享最新消息。

G | ”福特股价周三下午上涨3.9%，至8.70美元。

H | 大众汽车股价上涨2.4%，至146.48欧元。今年6月，福特和大众宣布了一项商用车协议，包括一辆面包车，并补充说，他们正在调查“几个联合项目”。去年12月，大众汽车首席执行官赫伯特·迪泽（Herbert Dease）表示：“我们正在与福特进行深入的谈判和对话，以真正建立一个全球汽车联盟，这也将加强美国汽车工业。”当时，福特汽车公司执行主席比尔·福特（Bill Ford Jr.）表示，与大众汽车就联盟进行的谈判正在进行中。“非常顺利”。

I | 戴斯公开谈论大众希望通过潜在联盟实现的节约和效率。大众汽车的高管们一再强调，使电动汽车成为大众市场产品的唯一途径是通过规模经济，使消费者能够像燃料汽车一样负担得起。自2017年5月福特首席执行官吉姆•哈克特（Jim Hackett）从马克•菲尔德（Mark Field）手中接掌权力以来，他被命令加快决策速度并降低成本，与大众汽车的联盟一直是他最大的赌注。一些分析师和投资者对福特股价的低迷表现和对110亿美元重组计划的细节缺乏感到失望。福特高管称，商用车项目“立即”进行，并讨论了更广泛的合作将如何使美国第二大汽车制造商减少不同车型的生产，降低制造、工程和采购成本。该联盟将帮助福特实现到2020年将全球税前利润率翻番至8%的目标，高于2018年第三季度的4.4%。2018年7月，福特成立了一个独立的部门来发展其自动驾驶业务，并正在寻找外部投资者，这类似于通用汽车的自动驾驶部分巡航自动控制方法。福特随后表示，到2023年，将向新的福特汽车驾驶有限责任公司投资40亿美元，其中包括分配给阿尔戈艾的10亿美元，后者是2017年收购的匹兹堡汽车驾驶初创公司。福特预计将于2021年推出自动驾驶仪，届时，为自动驾驶仪设计的新车辆结构预计将就绪。底特律车展将于1月14日至27日举行。

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